Middle High German, German Fairy Tales and Heinrich von Kleist Essay - 1

Middle High German, German Fairy Tales and Heinrich von Kleist - Essay Example Repetition, often in well- structured stanza form, underlines the poet’s unswerving devotion. 1b The Minnelied is based on a poet/knight figure who reveres a high born lady from afar. There is usually very little exact definition of the social status and real life relationship between the two, because the Minnelied intended to depict love in an idealized fashion. The poet addresses the lady with an almost religious level of adoration, and he emphasizes her serene beauty and his abject devotion. This love is a hopeless kind of love, because there is always a reason why the poet cannot turn his words into reality. Usually the reason is that she is married, and so this means that secrecy is an essential theme. There is a lot of discussion of matters which are visual and tangible, although it is all presented in a stylized way. Although the poet is resigned to his fate, he is also persistent and faithful, never giving up on his hopeless love. This is a given, despite the indiffere nce and even coldness of the lady in question. She cannot show any signs of giving in to the poet’s flattery and entreaties because this would be adultery and would result in her losing the status of a noble and admirable woman. Paradoxically, it is her unavailability that the poet treasures so much. 1c In Middle High German Classicism there are also longer narrative works, which are usually given the label of â€Å"courtly romance.† There are some echoes of Minnesang in this genre, since knights and fair ladies occur regularly in them, but the focus here is much more on the brave exploits of the knights and the concept of chivalry. Besides these there are also heroic epics, which deal with historical subjects over a long period of time. These deal with dynasties and wars, illustrating how power is passed down the generations, and how famous warriors step up to the mark when acts of bravery are required. There are also political set pieces, often in praise of some king or other leader, and many different types of religious writing from songs and prayers, to commentaries, letters and treatises on religious themes, or topics relevant to monks and nuns, such as herbal medicine, miracles and the lives of saints. Historical works like chronicles are also common in this period and they recount religious as well as political events. 1d The period before Middle High German Classicism is known by different terms, depending on whether one is looking at it linguistically or in terms of literary production. From about 700 until about 1100 people spoke what we call â€Å"Old High German† – a collection of dialects which were mostly spoken. The language of literary composition was usually Latin, due to the influence of Christianity, and most people were illiterate. Early Middle High German is therefore more closely aligned with religious themes. Towards the end of the Middle High German Classical epoch, society was changing fast, with greater lev els of literacy, and more people living in towns and cities. This created a new bourgeois class which developed its own taste in literature, much of which was factual (Sachliteratur) and dealt with subjects like commerce and legal issues, or recording of property deals and the like or specialized (Fachliteratur), dealing with practical subjects like farming, alchemy, different trades and the beginnings of scientific explanations for things.

Metaphysics and Realism Proponents St. Essay Example for Free

Metaphysics and Realism Proponents St. Essay Definition: *Realism may be defined as any philosophical position that asserts: 1. The objective existence of the world and beings an it and relatives between these beings independents on human knowledge and desires: 2. The knowability of these objects as they are in themselves 3. The need for conformity to the objective reality in man’s conduct *Realisms an educational philosophy which advocates that education should be concerned with the realities of life and should prepare a person for his/her duties in life. Ontology (Reality) for realism is a world of things. Epistemology (how we know) realists use their senses of observation Axiology of realism (values) is the laws of nature that can be revealed through the application of scientific reason Proponents: *John Milton believe that education must prepare one for life in the real world *Francois Rabelaisadvocated that all forms of studies be made pleasant, with games and sports being utilized toward the physical development of the child and for practical development of the child and for practical application later in life. Michael de Montaigneaccording to him, the aim of education, is not to produce scholars and professionals but to prepare a young boy to live the life of a gentleman in the world of affairs John Amos Comeniusfirst educator who advocated the use of visual aids in classroom teaching Francis Baconaccording to him, knowledge of nature is the only real and fruitful knowledge and should be the basis of all scientific progress. Richard Mulcaster he advocated that all teaching processes should be adopted to the pupils and that the mother tongue or vernacular should be used to instruct pupils aged 6 to 12. *Wolfgang Ratkeadvocated the use of vernacular as the medium of instruction as the child need no longer learn the language and thus can concentrate wholly on the lesson being studied. *Aristotle is the foremost proponent of realism, as Plato student, had his philosophical beginning rooted in platonic idealism, yet developed his own regarding the nature of reality later on. Aristotelian realism proposes that ideas can free float without having matter, whereas matter cannot exist without some semblance of form, and this form is independent of mental cognizance. *Religious realism was put forth by Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century stating that true reasoning lies with supreme reasoned-God—and that by aligning our rational minds with his tenets,we too can understand the universe and the nature of reality In more modern time’s philosophers such as Francis Baco, John Locke and later G. E. Moore and Ayn Rand forwarded theories regarding moral realism. Political realismproponents were Otto Von Bismarck and Carl Von Clausewitz. Moderate realism proponents St. Thomas Aquinas and John of Salisburyheld that universals exist only in the mind of God. Implication of Realism AIM The aim of education is to provide the students with the essential knowledge he will need to survive in the natural world. According to John Luis Vives aducation should develop personality Rabelais,was for the development of a whole man Milton believed that education was to prepare for actual living CURRICULUM The realists believe that the most efficient and effective way to find out reality is to study it through organized, separate, and systematically arranged subject matter. This is called the subject matter approach to curriculum which is composed of two basic components†¦the body of knowledge and the appropriate pedagogy to fit in the readiness of the learner. METHODOLOGY The teacher is expected to be skilled in both the subject matter that he teaches and the method of teaching it to students. The school task is primarily on intellectual one. In the elementary level, emphasis is on the development of skills for reading, writing, arithmetic, and study habits In the secondary and collegiate level,students will be required to recall, explain, compare, interpret and make inferences.

Booty :: essays research papers

The joy of the word "booty" Who likes booty? I like booty, and I think we should all like booty. Whether it is pirate's treasure or the beautiful behind of a woman, booty is a fantastic possession. I come from the lower class section of Ft. Lauderdale and in that area the booty is most often linked to the description of the African-American woman's posterior. I have always used the word booty, but recently I was told that it was a "black" term. I was shocked to hear this, and when I inquired as to why it was a "black" term, I was told that I shouldn't use words like that because they make me sound foolish. I do not always use the word booty but in some circumstances it is very necessary to use it. In my opinion it adds emphasis in the description of the size and beauty of the butt. What could possibly be wrong with using a word that is supposedly a word from a different heritage? We use words like "sheik" and "entree" all the time. I believe that there are no "black or "white" words, some words just happen to be used more by certain races. We should not be limited to certain words just because we are of a particular race. I firmly believe that whether a person is black or white they should know the true meaning of booty and should know why many people are in love with the ever powerful booty. The word booty as defined in the New Dictionary of American Slang, is "esp. black, the female body as a sex object; the sex act; ASS." Where I come from, booty is a word that is used to describe an extravagant behind. From what I have learned and seen, booty describes the size, the thickness, and the luster of one of my favorite body parts: the butt. The word booty is so descriptive that when someone uses it is understood quickly and usually without discussion. I usually do not hear people describe white women or any other type of women other than African-American, for that matter, to have booties. Whether this means that they do not possess the qualities to have their posterior described as a booty, I do not know. I do know however, that I have seen women of various nationalities that have what I would consider perfect booties.

African American vs. Caucasian Americans Essay

Is Racism a Permanent feature of American Society? Derrick Bell argues in this issue that the prospects for achieving racial equality in the United States are â€Å"illusory for Blacks. Bell reminds us despite the fact of the progress of blacks in United States; the legacy of slavery has left a portion of the race â€Å"with life-long poverty and soul devastating despair†. Bell believes that race consciousness is so imbedded in whites that it is virtually impossible to rise above it. He also argues that â€Å"few whites are able to identify with blacks as a group† and tend to view blacks through â€Å"comforting racial stereotypes†. Bell feels strongly that critical and proper examination of the history of black-white relations supports his conclusion that racism is a permanent feature of American Society. Bell makes some good point about racism in the American society today. The fact that the psychical part of racism is gone does not mean that racism as permanently left American Society. The fact that racism still â€Å"exist† is does not reflect on blacks’ success any longer. Majority of whites had a head start because their generation of success goes so many years back, were as for blacks success was not allowed at a point in time. Blacks have come a long ways over the years but there is still racial discrimination that â€Å"affects† the black population. Dinesh D’Souza does not agree with Bell, he believes that racism is not a permanent Strain of fabric in the American Society. D’Souza distinguishes between racial discrimination that is â€Å"irrational, motivated by bigotry† and which is â€Å"rational from the point of view of the discriminator. † D’Souza admits that such discrimination may be harmful to individual blacks but he rejects any casual linkage between the lagging indicators of blacks’ overall progress with racial discrimination. He believes race is a diminishing force within American society, D’Souza argues that factors other than racial discrimination are the sources of lagging process toward the American Dream. D’Souza reasoning for blacks not achieving more in America is because blacks fail to observe and embrace certain cultural norms of the dominant American Society. He implies that those who are successful exhibit cultural values that promote success. He states blacks need to place a much greater emphasis on overcoming cultural barriers rather than continuing to assert that race is being held by a persistent racism that afflicts America. Black’s generation has come a long way in American Society. Racism shouldn’t be the excuse for the failure in African American success when in 1919- current we have African American first. Slavery started around 1808 and ended in 1865 due to Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation. Racism was still in effect because the fact that blacks had rights was new. Still in all there were blacks who succeed shortly after that time. Madame C. J. Walker was the first African American female who was a self-made millionaire. In 1893 Dr. Daniel Hale Williams was the first black to perform open heart surgery. In 1908 Jack Johnson was the First African-American world heavyweight Champion. In 1993 Toni Morrison was the first African-American to win the Nobel Prize for literature. In 2009 Barack Obama was the first black president of the United States, with the support of some whites. Racism still is â€Å"permanent† due to history but it is not an excuse for Blacks not becoming successful. Derrick bell major argument is that blacks are faced at the bottom of the well. Bell exclaims despite undeniable progress for many, no African American is insulated from incidents of racial discrimination. He states because of our color we are threaten through our lives, careers. Dinesh D’Souza states racism undoubtedly exists, but it no longer has the power to thwart blacks or any other group in achieving their economic, political, and social aspirations. The arguments relates to the overall theme because yes, racism still occurs but it should not pun Blacks from achieving their aspiration. Bell major point is as a Black he experiences the racism. Blacks can work in a white community and experience racism because whites fear the superiority of blacks. D’Souza points out in his argument that racism is the least bit worries blacks should have, when there are black on black crime occurring. Racism should not be such an excuse for â€Å"underclass† blacks not achieving their goals. D’Souza points out the facts where African Americans now live in a country where black man, Colin Powell, who three decades ago could not be served in restaurants, is now a Joint chief staff. Also a white man who supported the nomination of Clarence Thomas, a black man married to a white, for the Supreme Court. D’Souza question is if white racism controls the density of blacks today, how one segment of black community has prospered so much over the past generation. Some unsupported claims in bells argument was he says, â€Å"Modern discrimination is, moreover, not practiced indiscriminately. † Bell implies whites idolize black athletes and entertainers but refuse to hire and work with blacks. Bell also states whites who number individuals blacks among their closest friends approve, or do not oppose, practices that bar selling or renting homes or apartments in their neighborhood to blacks they do not know. Then in his argument he also states that most hotels and restaurants, who offer black patrons courteous treatment, uniformly reject black job applicants. Bell defense for this was â€Å"When did you last see black waiter in a really good restaurant†. These are unsupported claims because this may be true but there are no proven facts that racist is the cause of these arguments. In D’Souza arguments there were not any unsupported claims really found. D’Souza stated his arguments and had accurate information to support his defense. D’Souza makes great points and has a lot of validity in his arguments. He states if blacks are going to reform their community, they have a right to expect that they will be treated equally under law. Hypothetically speaking D’Souza implies if blacks were refused hire on every baseball team in America, blacks would suffer most because they would be denied the chance to play professional baseball. Fans would also suffer because the quality of games would diminish. He says â€Å"But what if a few team-say the New York Yankees and the Los Angeles Dodgers- refused to hire blacks? † African Americans has a group would hardly suffer at all, because they would offer there service to other teams. D’Souza saying the Yankees and the Dodgers would suffer a great deal, because they would be deprived of the chance to hire talented blacks’ players. Eventually the competitive pressure would force those teams to either hire blacks or suffer losses in games and revue. Then he makes another valid point he referenced from Gary Becker pointed out, in free market, selective discrimination imposes the heaviest cost on the discriminator where it should be. Some whites will undoubtedly discriminate against blacks but with deal with them because of the law and taste for profit. *Dinesh D’Souza is an Indian American conservative political commentator, public intellectual and current president of the King’s College in New York City. He graduated from Dartmouth College, where he graduated with a B. A. in English. D’Souza also published a book in 2007 called The Enemy at home: the cultural left and its responsibility for 9/11. In his argument D’Souza used government documents, books, articles and oral very frequently. D’Souza would state his opinion and have facts and documents to support his defense. No, the reading did not significantly add to my knowledge because these are issues that has been discussed for many years. In the article I did learn some new ways of thinking of Racism. This article did broaden my thoughts with the factual evidence the authors used to support their defense. I would recommend this article to be read to those who do not have a clear understanding of the term racism. The subject that was focus on in this case study is racism a permanent feature of American Society? The case study focused on political, social and economic issues. Bell argued blacks will never gain full equality in American and D’Souza argued that blacks have equality and racism is not important issue blacks should be worried about in today society.

Ocean Dumping: Key Issues

Ocean Dumping: Key Issues Liz Gomez Ocean Dumping: Key Issues Marine debris is the official designation and referents to human created wastes that pollutes and are dumped deliberately or accidentally in lakes, waterways, seas and oceans. While certain debris naturally float on bodies of water (i. e. ogs and trees that got cut via natural events), certain communities, peoples and industries the world over deliberately dump debris and garbage in bodies of water without much thought into the effects of such acts in relation to threats to animals (fish, sea mammals, birds, reptiles) their habitats, coastal habitations and to human industries that depend on the bounty of the sea (i. e. fishing). Of late the greatest threat are the toxins released via the practice of ocean dumping which can destroy so easily fragile ocean habitats.Plastic and Styrofoam’s, being non-biodegradable cannot breakdown and affect ocean and water inhabitants in so many ways – accumulated debris preve nts photolysis, a component in photosynthesis killing marine life. Ghost nets and accumulated plastic as well as unique debris like six-pack rings can entangle marine life and result to movement restriction which can lead to starvation, laceration, infection and eventually, death. Dugongs, dolphins, sharks, reptiles, sea turtles and all sorts of fish can easily get entangled with ghost nets.Plastic bags and plastic pellets – the broken down versions of plastics via weathering clog the digestive tract of marine animals and where they pool, prevent photolysis as well. It does not help that the smaller pellets, known as nurdles resemble fish eggs. Populations of fish and sea mammals often mistake them for fish eggs and their ingestion result to death. Ever since man started sailing, the ocean has become a dumping ground for debris and materials. Greenpeace estimates that annually, containers ships lose about 10,000 containers while at sea.Adding to marine debris is the runoff fr om landfills & storm drains. The danger in the toxic contamination via ocean dumping can be seen in varied incidents in the Arctic Sea. In the 50's Russia dumped highly radioactive materials in their own part of the Arctic – the Barents Karas Sea but the toxicity spread through the rich fishing grounds of the international and open waters of the sea that it affected and threatened fish populations and the industry of Arctic Sea Fishing.Of recent, the experience of the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico showed how fragile marine biology is as species of marine life got heavily affected which in turn affected the fishing and tourism industries of the towns and cities around the gulf which destroyed livelihoods and way of life. Aside from the issues listed above, key concerns in relation to how ocean dumping affects human life are identified as follows (Burger, 2009) – 1) Occupational accidents, injuries, and exposures; ) Exposure of the public to hazardous or toxic material s washed up on beaches; 3) Human consumption of marine organisms that have been contaminated by ocean disposal. A further complication is the practice of legal dumping where countries (including the US) allow dumping of materials into the sea/ocean following certain situations and measures. Environmental organizations have since been advocating against such measures. To counteract them however, in the case of the US, the following measures have been put in place – †¢ Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Toxic Substances Control Act, †¢ Water Pollution Prevention and Control Act, †¢ Air Pollution Prevention and Control Act, Dangerous Cargo Act, †¢ Ports and Waterways Safety Act, †¢ Deep Water Ports Act, †¢ Ocean Dumping Act Of the above, the biggest act with a direct impact on ocean dumping is the last measure, the Ocean Dumping Act. Enacted in 1988, with additional amendments the EPA presents the highlights of the act today as follows (EPA, 20 10) – †¢ TITLE I – OCEAN DUMPING BAN ACT OF 1988 (Amends the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act, commonly called the â€Å"Ocean Dumping Act†) Makes it unlawful for any person to dump, or transport for the purpose of dumping, sewage sludge or industrial waste into ocean waters after December 31, 1991; †¢ Prohibits, after the 270th day after enactment, any person from dumping, or transporting for the purpose of dumping, sewage sludge or industrial waste into ocean waters unless the person: (1) enters into a compliance or enforcement agreement (which includes a plan negotiated by the dumper, the State, and EPA for terminating dumping as well as a schedule which EPA believes will result in the termination of the dumping), and (2) obtains a permit issued by EPA under authority of sec. 02 of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA); †¢ Provides for the payment of special fees for dumping and any penalties incurred by a dumper to be deposited into certain funds for use in finding alternatives to ocean dumping. †¢ TITLE II – DESIGNATION OF AREAS FOR PRIORITY CONSIDERATION UNDER NATIONAL ESTUARY PROGRAM †¢ This title adds four new areas to the list of sites which EPA must give priority consideration when designating new estuaries for inclusion in the National Estuary Program: Massachusetts Bay; Barataria-Terrebonne Estuary Complex, Louisiana; Indian River Lagoon, Florida; and Peconic Bay, New York. TITLE III – DUMPING OF MEDICAL WASTE †¢ Cited as the â€Å"United States Public Vessel Medical Waste Anti-Dumping Act of 1988†, this section prohibits, 6 months after enactment, disposal of potentially infectious medical waste into ocean waters by a â€Å"public vessel†. Two narrowly crafted exceptions to this prohibition relating to health and safety of the crew, or times of war or national emergency are set forth. This title also: defines â€Å"medical wasteâ €  for purposes of the Ocean Dumping Act; adds medical wastes to the list of materials the dumping of which is prohibited under the Ocean Dumping Act; increases the civil penalties for illegal dumping of medical wastes under the Ocean Dumping Act and includes a provision for forfeiture of the vessel; and provides increased criminal sanctions under the Ocean Dumping Act for illegal dumping of medical wastes; defines â€Å"medical waste† for purposes of the CWA using the same definition as for the MPRSA; and, incorporates the term â€Å"medical waste† into the list of pollutants for which the discharge is prohibited under sec. 301(f) of the CWA. †¢ TITLE IV – SHORE PROTECTION ACT OF 1988 †¢ This section prohibits the transportation of municipal or commercial waste within coastal waters by a vessel without a permit and number or other marking. The Secretary of Transportation will issue the permits. The application procedure is set forth. Grounds on whi ch a permit may be denied are set forth. The federal Department of Transportation has discretion to deny permits, but must deny a permit if so requested by EPA. Other specifics as to this process are detailed. OpinionThe advocacies of Greenpeace and agencies campaigning against ocean dumping are clear in their message. Ocean Dumping is not conducive to maintaining ecological balance and while for now it might be immediately beneficial to those legally allowed to dump waste in our oceans, in the end when the toxicity level reaches concentrations that are deadly, there will come a point where it some areas of our oceans and bodies of water will become ‘dead' – marine life would not be supported and the toxicity from such concentrated pollution will easily affect other parts of struggling marine environments. Fishing and related industries will be affected and human life dependent on marine bounty will be deeply affected.To me, it seems that because of the vastness of the planet's oceans and the lack of a universal enforcement body and law that can require countries and their citizens to ensure that all these rules are followed, it would seem that some of these advocacies and campaign fall into deaf earns. There are shorelines and coastlines the world over that are now full of debris, coral reefs have died, former healthy fishing habitats have now dried up. What I find most problematic is the ‘legal dumpings' – if environmental protection of oceans is a priority surely dumpings that no doubt will increase ocean debris and contribute to water toxicity should not be tolerated.So far however in international waters, without the activity of advocates like Greenpeace, the negative effect of ocean dumping will most certainly not find its way into public concerns. A country can only police its own people and its shorelines. I believe that globalization has increased man's activities in relation to manufacture travel and trade and pollution brou ght about by ocean dumping will no doubt have long term affects to the health and state of marine life all over the world. A universal measure to counteract this problem and the creation of an international agency empowered by the UN for example should be put in place to ensure that the problem does not escalate. I doubt this will happen anytime soon, however.The 1982 UN Convention on The Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982) which was enforced in 1994 is the closest but is limited for it only provides a ‘framework for the determination of the rights and obligations of states relating to the oceans' only. While ‘Part XII contains provisions with regard to protection and preservation of the marine environment' – they are still just non-working provisos that are having problems in terms of enforcement. Without an agency tasked to reinforce the provisos, the Law of the Sea remains ineffective. References: http://www. enotes. com/public-health-encyclopedia/ocean-dumping http:/ /archive. greenpeace. org/odumping/ http://www1. american. edu/ted/arctic. htm http://www. epa. gov/history/topics/mprsa/02. htm http://www. pollutionissues. com/Na-Ph/Ocean-Dumping. html

Serratia Marcescens Lab Report Essays

Serratia Marcescens Lab Report Essays Serratia Marcescens Lab Report Paper Serratia Marcescens Lab Report Paper In bacteria, temperature, pH, and other chemical agents a II affect the expression of genes. In this lab, the effect of temperature change on the gene which codes for a red pigment called prognosis of bacterium Seer TIA mercenaries is being tested. Seriate mercenaries is usually found in OSI I and plants, and the accumulation of prognosis in the bacterial cells makes them appear red. Prognosis is produced only at certain temperatures, so b y regulating the temperature in which Seriate mercenaries is cultured, the optimum temperature for the most prognosis to be produced can be tested. Purpose The purpose of this lab is to observe the effect of temperature c anger on the production of the pigment prognosis by the back terbium Seriate mercenaries, and also to determine whether previous culture conditions affect gene expression. Hypothesis If the bacteria is cultured in 27 , then it will produce more prognosis than the bacteria cultured in 37 Regardless of the first culture conditions, the bacteria recaptured in 27 co will produce more prognosis than the bacteria recaptured in 37 Materials see attached lab, materials, page 25 Independent Variable: Temperature (in Celsius) Dependent Variable: Amount of prognosis produced Methods/Procedures see attached lab, procedures, page 2527 Data see attached lab, data, page 25, 26 Analysis 1. You should label the bottom off Petri dish instead of the top because this way, the lids will not accidentally be sit ached. It is also easier to read the label if it is on the bottom, because the Petri dishes will be put into the incubator upside down to minimize condensation. 2. You must not touch a non sterile surface with the applicant or tip before obtaining the innocuous from the stock culture because the applicator tip might become contaminated, which would compromise the experiment. 3. You should lift the lid of the Petri dish only 23 CM rather t Han remove it completely in order to keep as little of any thing other than the bacteria from contaminating or getting into the Petri dish. . If I cultured two samples of bacteria and grew them at 32 co , I predict that the samples will produce less prognosis (be less red) than the bacteria cultured in 27 co , but produce more prognosis (be more red) than the bacteria cultured in 37 co 5. If the new cultured were grown at 37 for 8 hours, then at 27 for 24 hours, I predict hat the bacteria will produce prognosis (be red) because according to the data, the c onditions of the recapture have more of an effect on the production of prognosis than the conditions of the initial culture. . The temperature at which the bacteria were originally re cultured has more effect on the production of prognosis t Han the temperature at which the bacteria were originally cultured. Both samples recaptured in 27 were red, meaning that they produced prognosis, regardless of their initial culture c notations, while both samples recaptured at 37 ere white, signifying the absence of prognosis production, also regardless of their original culture conditions. 7. Prognosis is not only a pigment; it is also an antibiotic. Its function may be to kill other microorganisms which might be harmful to the Seriate mercenaries that live in the same temperature range. 8. An advantage of the temperature sensitivity of prognosis proud action might be that the bacteria would only produce it when needed d. The ability to control the production of prognosis according to temperature helps the bacteria to synthesize the pigment helps it o not produce excess prognosis when it is not needed. Conclusion My hypothesis, which was that the bacteria cultured in 27 co will produce more prognosis than the bacteria cultured in 37 , and also that the bacteria recaptured in 27 (regardless of the original culture conditions) will produce more p Rodings than the bacteria recaptured in 37 (also regardless of the original culture condition s), was supported. The S. Mercenaries cultured in 27 turned red, indicating the production of pro disposing, while the S. Mercenaries cultured in remained white, indicating that no prognosis was synthesized.

Military Forces and Politics of Iran

Military Forces and Politics of Iran Introduction Military forces in third world countries have taken a central role in political systems of these countries. The military forces are active in both the political process and political discourse in their countries.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Military Forces and Politics of Iran specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Middle East in general and Iran in particular military forces are playing a pivotal role in the control of both political and state machinery and are critical in shaping the political events of Iran (Iranian Research 1). Military forces and politics in Iran The genesis of the role of politics in Iran was in the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty which was realized through military coup organized by Reza Shah in 1921 and the second monarch followed suit by relying on military forces to maintain the continuity of his regime. The reliance of Iran in military power is due to the challenges it faces from the west due to its stand on nuclear power and public demand for both economic and political reforms (Iran politics 1). The formulation of Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) guidance rules in the 1980 which was dubbed â€Å"obligation of the guards† stated that the IRGC was to liaise and cooperate with the government on both security and military matters which was to include the arrest of all counterrevolutionary movements and also to disarm unauthorized persons. This already made the IRGC a politico-military organization with the responsibility to tackle domestic opposition. The Iranian forces underwent transformation following the disagreement among its members after the collapse of the Pahlavi monarchy. TAdvertising Looking for term paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More hese events gave birth to the creation of a new military force in 1979 known as the Islamic Re volutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) which first developed as a parallel institution to the already existing military force but aimed at protecting the Islamic Republic (Iranian Research 1). In the performance of their domestic functions, the IGRC are linked with regular and other internal security forces and it is in this line that have made them controversial in their service since they are used to oppress and suppress or quell any street unrest. The inherent factor that links the military forces and the politics of Iran is that those who occupy positions in the military hierarchy are appointed by the president and their loyalty is to the serving president and government of the day (Iranian Research 1). This is evident in the current political situation where President Mohammed Ahmedinajad’s nine appointees are from the IRGC who are war veterans from the Iraq-Iran war of 1988. He has also appointed 30 governors from the ORGC ranks. This is a clear testimony of how militarized Ir anian politics and government is. There are several centers of power in Iran which revolve around the political, economic and military figures. The military sphere which is dominantly the IRGC has developed as one of the prominent center of power and dominate over the other centers of power. The strength of the IRGC was evidenced following the military threats by the United States of America and also the frequent confrontation between the west and Iran which the IRGC has managed to thwart. In the contemporary times, the power of the IRGC has tremendously grown politically, it for example controls all the state sponsored media. They also took part in the 2004 legislative elections and managed to win in several towns and cities. They had also organized to control the executive branch of government in the 2005 presidential elections. The leadership of the military has been interlinked with the leadership of the regime and their responsibility in this sense is to intervene politically w hen the need arises.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Military Forces and Politics of Iran specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The revolutionary of the IRGC has also expanded their influence into the economic sphere of life by endearing itself to control major financial and economic investments in the country. They did this by justifying that it was meant to finance the activities of the IRGC (Green et al. 1). This militarization of the Iranian politics has raised a lot of criticisms from the reformists of the anti-establishment. This is because the IRGC is in favor of the current order and will try all they can to ensure there are no anti-government protests or even voices. It is argued that the excessive militarization of politics cast doubt into the power and ability of the Iran military in international politics and external defense (Ward 1). Conclusion The military forces of Iran have encountered numerous chal lenges that might render them unable not only to protect the country externally but also in performing the role of preserving the ideologies of the regime. One of these problems is the division of the military into the regular and IRGC which has created mistrust and suspicion, the unrest that has rocked the Islamic republic is largely linked to the latent tension between the military ranks and also the political leadership. This has the potential of driving the country towards the path of instability. Also the excessive militarization of politics of the Islamic Republic of Iran may be a threat to the politics of the country since there is a history of the military turning against the government by leading coups which is always a feature praetorian political system. Green et al. Understanding Iran, Rand Corporation monograph series Volume 771 of MG (Rand Corporation). New York: Rand Corporation, 2009. Print.Advertising Looking for term paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Iranian politics. The Militarization of Iranian politics. IAA, 2009. Web. Retrieved from aei.org/ Iranian Research. Iranian Analysis. Journal of Iranian research and analysis, 1999. Web. Ward, Ross. Immortal: a military history of Iran and its armed forces. New York: Prentice Hall, 2009. Print.

The History of Mr. Potato Head

The History of Mr. Potato Head Did you know that the original Mr. Potato Head was missing a head? The original model didnt come with the familiar brown plastic potato. Inventing Mr. Potato Head In 1949, Brooklyn inventor and designer George Lerner (1922–1995) came up with a revolutionary idea: a toy that children could design themselves. His toy came bundled as a set of plastic body parts- noses, mouths, eyes- and accessories- hats, eyeglasses, a pipe- that were attached to pins. Children would then decorate a potato or other vegetable with the pieces, inventing as they went along.   Lerner shopped his toy idea around for a year but met with resistance. During World War II, the U.S. had suffered through food rationing and somehow using a potato as a toy seemed like a waste. So, instead, Lerner sold his idea to a cereal company for US$5,000, who would distribute his plastic parts as prizes in cereal.   Mr. Potato Head Meets Hasbro In 1951, the Rhode Island Hassenfeld Brothers company was primarily a toy manufacturing and distributing company, making modeling clay and doctor and nurse kits. When they met George Lerner, they saw great potential and paid the cereal company to stop production, buying the rights to Mr. Potato Head for $7,000. They gave Lerner $500 in advance and 5 percent royalties for every set sold.   Girl playing with Mr. Potato Head in 1953. Picture Post / Getty Images Those first sets had hands, feet, ears, two mouths, two pairs of eyes, and four noses; three hats, eyeglasses, a pipe, and eight pieces of felt suitable for beards and mustaches. They came with a styrofoam head that children could use, but instructions suggested a potato or other vegetable would do as well.   In 2002, Mr. Potato Head celebrated his 50th birthday, with these retro examples of the old spud. Spencer Platt / Getty Images The First TV Ad for Children The first television advertisement directed to children, rather than adults, was by the Hassenfeld Brothers for Mr. Potato Head, with the toy riding in a wagon and playing with kids; it premiered on April 30, 1952. The kits sold like hotcakes: the Hassenfelds earned more than $1 million in the first year; in 1968, they changed their name to Hasbro, and today they are the third largest toy company in the world.  Ã‚   Mrs. Potato Head and the Kids By 1953, it became clear that Mr. Potato Head needed a family. Mrs. Potato Head, their children Yam and Spud, and the childrens friends Kate the Carrot, Pete the Pepper, Oscar the Orange, and Cookie Cucumber soon joined the family. A Mr. Potato Head car, boat, and kitchen were soon marketed, and eventually, the brand expanded into puzzles, creative play sets, and electronic hand-held board and video games.   Hasbros later successes include Monopoly, Scrabble, Play-Doh, Tonka trucks, G.I. Joe, Tinker Toys, and Lincoln Logs; but the first and most influential was the famous spud.   Safety Issues The United States was changing rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and by the late sixties, the first child safety laws were passed, the Child Protection Act of 1966, and the 1969 Child Protection and Toy Safety Act. The gave the Federal Drug and Safety administration the ability to ban unsafe toys: the Consumer Product Safety Administration wasnt  formed until 1973.   Mr. Potato Heads small pieces of plastic with sharp pins on them were considered unsafe for small children. At the same time, parents complained that they kept finding moldy potatoes under their kids beds. In 1964, Hasbro began making hard plastic bodies, and eventually larger body and part sizes for its plastic potato.   Kylo Ren Mr. Potato Head. Hasbro The Modern Mr. Potato Head Hasbro has developed a reputation for responding to cultural changes, or perhaps taking advantage of them. In 1986, Mr. Potato Head became the official spokespud of the Great American Smokeout, surrendering his pipe to then-surgeon general C. Everett Koop. In 1992, Mr. Potato Head starred in an early Public Service Announcement for the Presidents Council for Physical Fitness, renouncing his role as couch potato.  In 1996, Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head joined the League of Women Voters in an advertising campaign to get out the vote, and in 2002 when he turned 50, he joined the AARP.   Mr. Potato Head has become a staple of American culture over the years. In 1985, he received four write-in votes in the mayoral election in the potato hotbed of Boise, Idaho. He also had a starring role in all three Toy Story  movies, where he was voiced by veteran character actor Don Rickles.  Today, Hasbro, Inc. still manufactures Mr. Potato Head, still responding to cultural changes with special Mr. Potato Head kits for Optimash Prime, Tony Starch, Luke Frywalker, Darth Tater, and Taters of the Lost Ark. Sources Everhart, Michelle. Even at 50, Mr. Potato Head still all smiles. Quad City Times. August 22, 2002.   Miller, G. Wayne. Toy Wars: The Epic Struggle between G.I. Joe, Barbie, and the Companies That Make Them. New York: Times Books 1998.   Mr. Potato Head. Western Pennsylvania History Spring 2016:10.   Swann, John P. Clacker Balls and the Early Days of Federal Toy Safety. FDA Voice. U.S. Food and Drug Association 2016. Web.

Grace hopper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Grace hopper - Essay Example Because of her personality and a moving effect towards the work that she has done, she was referred to as â€Å"Amazing Grace†. In light of her works, the US Navy destroyer USS Hopper has been named after her. Also the Cray XE6 â€Å"Hopper† supercomputer present at NERSC was named in her memory. Grace Hopper received a PhD in mathematics from the Yale University. She began teaching mathematics at Vassar in the year 1931 and the got promoted to the role of an associate professor 10 years later, in 1941. It was in 1949 that Grace Hopper became an employee of Eckert Mauchly Computer Corporation in the role of a senior mathematician where she came in close collaboration with a team that had the task to develop the UNIVAC I. During the early periods of 1950s, this company was bought out by the Remington Rand Corporation (Richard 1981). This was the time when she was still employed with Eckert Mauchly Computer Corporation that she came up with her original compiler work whic h was a novelty in those times. This compiler was later on named as the A compiler and its initial version was called as A-0. A conference by the name of CODASYL was held in 1959 which brought together computer experts and geniuses from the related industries and the government. Grace Hopper was appointed as the technical consultant of this committee which essentially laid the basis of COBOL. The new language took some of its ideas from the IBM equivalent by the name of COMTRAN. COBOL aimed to write programmes in a language which was more close to the English dictum than the machine oriented basis. This was the reason why COBOL was seen as the single most ubiquitous business language and is still considered so to this day. As a captain in the Navy, Grace Hopper developed a number of validation software for the new programming language (COBOL) as well as its compiler which was a part of the standardization program that went ahead and helped the entire Navy. During her time at the Har vard University in the year 1947, Grace Hopper along with her associates discovered a moth stuck within a relay. After they had done a small operation, Grace Hopper was able to remark this moth as â€Å"debugging† the system. She brought the term of a computer bug to popularity even though she cannot be credited with coining the same. Also, Grace Hopper is famous for her nanoseconds visual aid (Dickason 1992). Since generals and admirals used to quite frequently enquire her about the long extent of time it took for the satellite communications to revert back, she began handing out certain pieces of wire which used to be nearly 1 foot long. This was due to the measurement done on light that it traveled within one nanosecond. She exclaimed that this length of time in nanoseconds was essentially the maximum speed of signals that might travel within vacuum. She also suggested that signals would travel slowly within the wires that were set up on her part as a visual aid. Grace Hop per’s legacy turned out to be quite a popular one for the women. Since Grace Hopper introduced mathematics as a ‘cool’ and trendy subject, it started to come out just like she envisioned within women in different parts of the world. This is the reason why her name is considered as an inspiring factor within the formation of the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing. This conference is held on an annual basis which brings designers to the fore

Lactase Enzyme Activity Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lactase Enzyme Activity - Lab Report Example Microfuge tubes were selected and labeled according to the selected temperatures 00C, 250C, 400C, 600C, 800C and 1000C and each filled up with 0.5 lines with lactase solution. The solutions were then maintained at water baths with respective temperatures for five minutes after which milk was added to lactose solution up to 1.0 line using an alternate plastic pipette. The solution was left for ten minutes after which a glucose strip was placed into each of the test tubes for one second and allowed to sit on the bench for thirty seconds. The coloration of the glucose strip was then compared with the chart and the amount of glucose recorded in mg/dL. Seven microfuges were selected and labeled; 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12, filled with appropriate pH buffer up to 0.5 line and 3 drops of milk added into each tube. The solution solutions in the seven tubes were then mixed by inverting the tubes three times after which 3 drops of lactase solution was added to each tube using a plastic pipette. All tubes were then incubated for 10 minutes in a water bath at 400C. A glucose strip was then placed in each test tube for one second, removed and left on the bench for thirty seconds and finally coloration compared to the chart provided. Two microfuge tubes were selected and labeled â€Å"L† and the other labeled â€Å"M†. Lactose and Maltose solutions were then added into the tubes labeled L and M respectively up to the 0.5 line. Lactase solution was then added into each tube up to 1.0 line and the mixture placed in 400C water bath for 10 minutes.

Marketing trend (Internet and online marketing)7 Assignment

Marketing trend (Internet and online marketing)7 - Assignment Example al conflict, risk taking ability, participation and authority, and individual factors like age, cultural and social background of the members of the buying team. The Internet has increased the speed and broadened connectivity among businesses, which are fundamental aspects of communication (Charlesworth, 2009). Most key companies now have a Web site. The Web sites give them an instant international presence. Internet marketing simplifies the search for the least price for products, making it quick and cheap. This also shortens the purchase process for businesses. Significant delays in decision making occur when companies restrict the flow of information. The increased speed of information exchange fostered by the Internet provides a solution to this problem (Charlesworth, 2009). This increases the probability of sourcing the right product at the correct time, price, and quality and be delivered punctually. On personal selling, Internet trading exchanges have made it easier to link sellers to buyers and facilitate the sale and distribution of products smaller orders. An example is the selling of online books and music CDs. Research has shown that selling music and books online costs between 9 to 15 percent lower than in conventional vendor stores (Clay, Krishan, & Wolff, 2001). In conclusion, internet marketing speeds up the process of sourcing for products and favorable prices by businesses. The personal seller can market his products from home or office without the use of billboards or employing marketing

Research typical business plan models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research typical business plan models - Essay Example It is paramount for a business to have purpose and this must be well elaborated in the executive summary (Doan, 2013). Mission and keys to success are deliverables a business must achieve to be successful. Market Analysis Summary, Strategy and Implementation Summary, Management Summary, Financial Plan and appendix are all available in every model. This is so because the concept of any business is to make a profit and for that to be achieved the above sections must be adequately analyzed. Contrast: The contrasts notable in the above layouts consist of business scope; where online businesses entail web plan summary, which is absent in other layouts. The online businesses come with internet risks, and that is the essence of web plan summary to ensure information security is properly handled. Another notable contrast type of business (step 3.0) done. Businesses that are for service delivery must handle service delivery issues, and product providers also need to handle products issues. Th ere are those businesses that provide services and products; such businesses must handle issues pertaining service delivery and goods provision. The strengths and limitations of these models Strengths: Models above provide clear road maps for transforming businesses into profitable investments. The executive summaries of the above models are well elaborated. This is a strength consideration since achievement of objectives is based on the executive summary. A thorough market analysis of potential market is significant to producing a strong business plan. Strategy and implementation summaries are essential in a business plan development since they guide processes execution in line with business’ objectives (Doan, 2013). Management summary is vital in a business plan since a number of resources are integrated to achieve objectives. Providing comprehensive background information about management and executive team is critical to an effective business plan. The plan must clarify t he expertise and experiences of management member that translates into fruitful management of the business. Strong business plans comprise all the financial records needed to scrutinize and compute income projections, cash flow, and expenses. The documents must include financial statements and practical operating budgets. The advantages discussed above concerning the various parts of business plan give strengths of the above models. The structural layout is another strength that must be noted since systematic approach of a plan is essential. Executive summary then consequentially followed by company, business type, market analysis, strategy and implementation, management and lastly financial plan summary is chronological steps essential for business plan. Limitations: The models limitations involve implementation issues whereby after they have been properly designed entrepreneurs do not adhere to requirements. These models are restricted to small businesses and also one kind of acti vity. The models may not work well with businesses that entail diversifications and large corporations. The models also lack regulations part as this is a crucial compliance issue that businesses must fulfill. It might be considered in one of the subsections, however, could be more elaborative on its on summary. Comparison of these models to the business plan models in either Microsoft Project or Apple Merlin

Human Resources Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Resources Management - Research Paper Example Diverse workers are more like to indulge into dysfunctional interpersonal conflicts for the same reasons. In organizations with diverse workforce, human resource management frequently encounters the challenge of groupism and polarization. Workers belonging to the same community or those that can identify with one another because of a common basis or interest tend to have their own preferences and criteria that are different from those of the rest. In a vast majority of cases, this tendency of the diverse workforce functions against the interests of the organization as a whole. Such moves by the workers also distract others from taking the necessary measures to obtain the goals that are valued by the organization as others tend to be defensive and protect their own interests. This makes maintaining discipline in such an organization very difficult for the human resources management. In an organization with a diverse workforce, the organizational culture is so complicated that it is of ten very difficult to reach decisions with mutual consensus. Decision making is complicated substantially that leads to poor productivity and eventually lesser profitability of the organization. ... Racial polarization at the workplace can have dangerous implications on the organization. For example, one issue that racial polarization can pose for the recruitment is fair judgment of the skills of the candidates. In organizations with a diverse workforce, a monopoly commonly exists. Employees tend to be biased toward workers belonging to them because of one or more of these factors; race, ethnicity, nationality, culture, and religion. An organization needs highly talented workers in order to progress in the present increasingly competitive market. If the preference of the recruiters is to hire workers that they can identify with because of any of the aforementioned factors rather than skills, talent, and competencies of the candidates, it may have many negative implications for the organization as a whole. Sexual harassment Sexual harassment of workers is a potential issue in organizations that have a diverse workforce with respect to gender. Workers of one gender tend to be sexu ally offensive toward their colleagues, subordinates, and even bosses belonging to the other gender. Offense is made in a variety of forms ranging from inappropriate behavior, abuse, bullying, to proposal of sex. Most of the times, workers who are victimized are in a compromising position either because they lack the courage to bring the issue into the attention of the concerned authorities or they have no hope of getting justice. Many workers feel the risk of losing their jobs if they do not grant sexual favors to their seniors. Sexual harassment is tiring and stressful for the workers emotionally, physically, and psychologically. Sexual harassment is traumatic in effect

Research typical business plan models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research typical business plan models - Essay Example It is paramount for a business to have purpose and this must be well elaborated in the executive summary (Doan, 2013). Mission and keys to success are deliverables a business must achieve to be successful. Market Analysis Summary, Strategy and Implementation Summary, Management Summary, Financial Plan and appendix are all available in every model. This is so because the concept of any business is to make a profit and for that to be achieved the above sections must be adequately analyzed. Contrast: The contrasts notable in the above layouts consist of business scope; where online businesses entail web plan summary, which is absent in other layouts. The online businesses come with internet risks, and that is the essence of web plan summary to ensure information security is properly handled. Another notable contrast type of business (step 3.0) done. Businesses that are for service delivery must handle service delivery issues, and product providers also need to handle products issues. Th ere are those businesses that provide services and products; such businesses must handle issues pertaining service delivery and goods provision. The strengths and limitations of these models Strengths: Models above provide clear road maps for transforming businesses into profitable investments. The executive summaries of the above models are well elaborated. This is a strength consideration since achievement of objectives is based on the executive summary. A thorough market analysis of potential market is significant to producing a strong business plan. Strategy and implementation summaries are essential in a business plan development since they guide processes execution in line with business’ objectives (Doan, 2013). Management summary is vital in a business plan since a number of resources are integrated to achieve objectives. Providing comprehensive background information about management and executive team is critical to an effective business plan. The plan must clarify t he expertise and experiences of management member that translates into fruitful management of the business. Strong business plans comprise all the financial records needed to scrutinize and compute income projections, cash flow, and expenses. The documents must include financial statements and practical operating budgets. The advantages discussed above concerning the various parts of business plan give strengths of the above models. The structural layout is another strength that must be noted since systematic approach of a plan is essential. Executive summary then consequentially followed by company, business type, market analysis, strategy and implementation, management and lastly financial plan summary is chronological steps essential for business plan. Limitations: The models limitations involve implementation issues whereby after they have been properly designed entrepreneurs do not adhere to requirements. These models are restricted to small businesses and also one kind of acti vity. The models may not work well with businesses that entail diversifications and large corporations. The models also lack regulations part as this is a crucial compliance issue that businesses must fulfill. It might be considered in one of the subsections, however, could be more elaborative on its on summary. Comparison of these models to the business plan models in either Microsoft Project or Apple Merlin

Why did Progressive reformers believe it essential to curb the power Essay

Why did Progressive reformers believe it essential to curb the power of American capitalism Were they right - Essay Example Reformers comprised of both women and men emanating from various social classes, occupations as well as races who felt regime’s traditional attitudes were inapplicable comparable to harsh conditions, which Americans during then experienced on daily basis. This was contrary to what the then government, which through the constitution claimed to offer its citizens. During then, Americans were not only experiencing poverty due to permanent wage limit policies but also majority working in extremely deplorable conditions coupled with child labor. Therefore, social, economical and political inequalities convinced Progressive Reformers into believing their quest in curbing American capitalism was right, which I also concur with due to the then inapplicable policies whose aim encompassed protecting only the well-heeled people. Reformers in their quest to ensure welfare of the entire public, â€Å"revolted† to end inefficiencies in the central regime, corrupt political machines a nd improving people’s living standards. ... because they believed that the government should be made up of the working-class people (Lecture notes, 7 October 2013).† Since, this will ensure equality in the entire state besides preventing the affluent from exploiting less privileged people, which is contrary to what they did before inception of new rules through influencing economic policies in their favor. Industrial moguls due to the regime’s laxity and numerous benefits, which they enjoyed while in their quest to augment respective profitability rates, resulted to processing poor quality products to the then unsuspecting consumers. Hence, plants exposing lives of numerous unsuspecting citizens to risks especially food industry, which supplied low quality, canned meat. This is evident in Sinclair’s book citing how plants processing meat, â€Å"†¦..it was the custom, as they found, whenever meat was so spoiled that it could not be used for anything else, either to can it or else to chop it up into sau sage† (Sinclair 164). Consequently, revealing utter state of inhuman on the part of industrial moguls who employed chemistry tactics to process meat that had decayed. This was by rubbing meat with soda to eliminate bad odor and sell it to free lunch counters where ordinary citizens used to frequent (Sinclair 164). Consequently, this prompted to the institution ofâ€Å"†¦.The Meat Inspection Act strengthened requirements for sanitary conditions in packing houses and required the inspection of meat for interstate commerce (Mooney, 71)†. The aim of this act ensured the quality of meat supplied to the consumer was of good condition besides meeting the already set standards outlined by regime. Reformers felt the state during then had to be free from any sinister influences whereby their ambitions aimed at

The Experiences of women in Veronica, Looking for a Rain God and Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

The Experiences of women in Veronica, Looking for a Rain God and Of Mice and Men Essay The pieces Veronica by Adewale Maja-Pearce, Looking for a Rain God by Bessie Head and Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck all involve cultural views based on women. The feelings of the women based within each of the three pieces are very varied and are conveyed in different ways. The short story Veronica is based on a woman who is very limited and has restrictions based around her. After looking into the piece in detail my opinion is that Veronica does not lead a good life. She achieves a standard five from her education but nothing more. Although it becomes obvious to me that her life is poignantly dull and boring, Veronica appears to be fulfilled within herself. She leads a stereotypical life of women for the time and meagre environment. She completes her personal expectations of her life by becoming a part of a family, including a husband and children. After doing this she has led a life in which she has in the past aspired to. An expression made by Veronica which indicates to me that she is fulfilled is; There is nothing left for me in this world As well as showing her feelings this phrase shows that she has completed everything possible to her, this also emphasises the fact that her life is in many ways very formulaic. Looking for a Rain God is another short piece expressing cultural expectations of women. In this piece it becomes obvious to me that women have a very limited role in life. The piece is based on a small tribe of people, which are desperate for water, as they are facing a situation involving drought. Whilst the men of the families are fighting for their familys survival the women sit and wail in an act of desperation within their shambolic lives. The women of the families are usually the last to receive any necessary resources, although without their husbands they would in most cases be unable to survive. Unlike Veronica the women based within this piece are in many ways unhappy and do not feel fulfilled. Set aside from this point they do still follow the basic outline of culturally stereotypical women at this time, which in this case is to stay at home in aid of caring for their families. The roles of women in the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck are expressed by the portrayal of one character named as Curleys wife One main factor which firstly expresses a limited role in life for Curleys wife is based within the fact that she hasnt received a name, she is known as a possession to her egocentric and obdurate husband Curley. Curleys wife lives an isolated, lonely, poignant and low-key life in which she is treated as one of Curleys achievements which he can be proud of. Her overall role within the novel is to look after Curley and to uphold his pride. As a result of her isolation she acts as a floozy, either manipulating people of behaving flirtatiously. Curleys wife also follows the broad outline of stereotypical women, as her role is low-key and to act as a possession. In Curleys views she is an achievement which he can be dominant towards, which has not real importance in life. Although Curleys wifes appearance and attitude appears to be a floozy and emphasises that she is manipulative and selfish, this is due to her restrictions in life. The overall outcome of her life is very poignant although her destitute lifestyle expresses the mitigating reason for this. The cultural expectations of women have been expressed through a combination of salient factors within each of the pieces summarised. The stereotypical role involving the caring of families and the pride of husbands is in many ways very poignant, As shown above consequences can involve women being fulfilled as it Veronica or unhappy to involve a decrease in character as in Of Mice and Men Overall after exploring cultural roles of women within Veronica by Adewale Maja-Pearce, Looking for a Rain God by Bessie Head and Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck I can see that there is an overall stereotypical role of women throughout. This role gives women limited opportunities in life and causes them to be isolated. Results of this isolation are varied between cultures. Some of the women within the investigated pieces appear to be fulfilled whereas others appear to be very unhappy leading a dull and poignant life. In conclusion this stereotypical role of women is extremely unfair and should be overruled completely to provide all women with equal opportunities.

Effectiveness Between Visual Learning And Auditory Learning

Effectiveness Between Visual Learning And Auditory Learning This experiment was performed to compare the effectiveness between visual learning and auditory learning on short-term memory. Forty subjects were required to read a passage while another forty subjects were asked to listen to a recording of the same passage. After a three-minute filler task, the subjects were required to answer a set of ten questions relating to the passage. Most subjects had higher score for visual learning rather than auditory learning. A statistical z-test was used to compare the mean of these two sets of result. Calculation showed that at 5% significance level, visual learning was more effective in building short-term memory than auditory learning, concurring to the experimental hypothesis. There was sufficient evidence from statistical testing to show that the mean score in memory quiz for visual learning was greater than auditory learning. NULL HYPOTHESIS There is no significant difference between the score for visual and auditory memory test. EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHESIS The score in visual memory test is higher compared to auditory memory test. RESEARCH AND RATIONALE The purpose of this experiment was to compare the effectiveness of both visual learning and auditory learning on short-term memory. Memory is defined as the power or process of reproducing or recalling what has been learned and retained especially through associative mechanisms, which include encoding, storing and retrieving. According to Atkinson-Shiffrin Model (1968), human memory can be divided into three major groups, namely sensory memory (SM), short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). [4] Figure 1: Atkinson-Shiffrin Model (http://www.audiologyonline.com/articles/article_detail.asp?article_id=1403) (251 words) Sensory memory is a buffer that captures, for just a moment, all that you can see, hear and feel. In general, sensory memory is the ability of sense organs such as eyes, ears and skin to retain sensory information for a very brief period (less than a second). It can be divided into iconic memory (vision) and echoic memory (hearing). When we focus attention on sensory memory, this moves sensory information into conscious memory which is known as short-term memory. Short-term memory can hold a limited amount of information for about 30 seconds, but it stays longer under continual rehearsal and will eventually converted into long-term memory. [1,5] Short-term memory is the temporary memory store used to store and manage information needed to perform complex cognitive tasks. It is formed by brief changes in the synaptic transmissions. It involves the firing of neurons which depletes the Readily Releasable Pool (RRP) of neurotransmitter vesicles at presynaptic terminals. After the firing slows down, endocytosis causes the short-term memory to decay. The memory will disappear if it is not re-activated. Thus, periodically repeated information is needed so that information can retain for a longer period. [8] Figure 2: Baddeleys model of working memory (http://www.thefullwiki.org/Baddeley%27s_model_of_working_memory) (448 words) Alan Baddeley proposed a more complex working memory model for short-term store. It is an active three-part memory system that temporarily holds information which consists of an executive control central that coordinates the phonological loop (storage for language sound), visuo-spatial sketchpad (storage for visual and spatial information), and the episodic buffer. Working memory is very significant in helping us to solve problems that require reasoning and multitasking. [2,6] Long-term memory is the storehouse of the brain where its capacity is enormous and virtually permanent. It can be divided into declarative memory (consciously available) and procedural memory (unconsciously available). However, long-term memory distorts the facts and tends to become less reliable as we age. [1,7] Figure 3: The activation of specific sensory cortices during memory retrieval (http://www.pnas.org/content/97/20/11125.full) A study by Randy L. Buckner aimed to study whether the retrieval of sensory-specific information will reactivate the regions of sensory cortex. The outcome revealed from functional MRI showed that secondary areas in auditory and visual cortex were reactivated when sound and image memories were recalled respectively. Since different regions were activated during information retrieval, visual memory should be different from auditory memory. Figure 3 shows the activation maps during perception of visual objects (ac) and sound (e) as well as the recall of visual memory (bd) and auditory memory (f). [9] (660 words) A study by Michael A. Cohen examined the inferiority of auditory to visual memory using recognition measure. The experiment was done by testing the ability of subjects to recall the stimuli, for instance sound clips, verbal description, picture or combination of both. Comparison of data showed that recall for picture is better compare to other stimuli. [10] Besides, Cohen also compared auditory and visual memory in musicians who have far better auditory recognition memory. However, the results showed that the memory for auditory stimuli was still inferior to visual object. Thus, it is clear from these results that auditory recognition memory performance cannot be on par with the levels of visual recognition memory. [11] The outcomes of this experiment could be significant in education, working place and business strategy. Educators should focus on visual teaching by preparing more visual stimulus such as diagrams, slideshows or mind maps to make the lessons more effective and enhance the student memory. Managers should provide a copy of information rather than giving instruction verbally to prevent employee from making error. Moreover, companies should provide visual effect when advertising through television or poster rather than via radio so that consumers can remember better of that company. (859 words) VARIABLES Manipulated variable : Type of stimulus (visual or auditory) Responding Variable : Score in memory test (degree of memory) Constant Variables : Age and education level of the subjects, period of the test PLANNING As stated above, assumption was made that both visual and auditory learning have the same effect on short-term memory, thus all these trials were conducted using only one type of stimulus which is visual stimulus. Trial 1: Length of the passage This trial was conducted to find out the most appropriate length of passage for the memory tests. Four subjects were given a passage of 234 words while another four were given a passage of 843 words to read. After that, the subjects were required to answer a set of ten questions related to the passage. Length of the passage Memory test score 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 234 words 10 10 10 9 843 words 5 4 4 5 Table 1: Results of first trial experiment From Table 1, subjects performance is almost perfect in the memory test when dealing with the short passage of 234 words. On the other hand, subjects who deal with the long passage of 843 words answered less than half of the question correctly. Therefore, I decided to use a moderately long passage of around 500 words to obtain an ideal result in the real experiment. (1086 words) Trial 2: The necessity of filler task This trial was done to find out whether a filler task is necessary and its duration before proceeding to the memory quiz. First two subjects ware not required to do any filler task (Sudoku puzzle) while the remaining subjects were asked to do the filler task within 2, 3 and 4 minutes respectively. Duration of Filler Task (minutes) Score 1st 2nd Without 8 8 2 7 8 3 6 7 4 5 5 Table 2: Results of second trial experiment From Table 2, subjects who answered the question without distraction task was slightly higher than those who had done the Sudoku puzzle. Besides, it was noted that the last few questions where the answers were found on the last part of the passage were answered correctly for those without filler task. Thus, a distraction task is necessary to distract the subjects from rehearsing the information they had just received and answering the question directly without having the information converted into short-term memory. Besides, the duration of filler task was fixed at 3 minutes as it seemed long enough to prevent subjects from rehearsing the newly received information but not too long to cause memory decay. (1293 words) Trial 3: Suitable Timeframe This trial was conducted to investigate the perfect timeframe for the subjects to complete the memory test. Six subjects took part in this trial, with two in a group. They were given a passage that later used in the actual experiment to read and answer ten questions within time limits. The three groups required to answer within 1, 2 and 3 minutes respectively. Time limit (min) Score 1st 2nd 1 3 4 2 5 6 3 8 7 Table 3: Results of third trial experiment From Table 3, the longer the time limit, the higher the score each subjects obtained. The subjects were debriefed after the memory test regarding the time limit given. Those who underwent time limit of 1 and 2 minutes claimed that the time given was too short for them to complete all the questions. Subjects who did the test within 3 minutes claimed that they only manage to complete the questions on time. They felt stressed during the experiment and this might limit the subjects performance. Hence, I decided to leave out the time limit so that subjects can answer the question in a stress-free condition. The visual stimulus administered was a one-page printed passage that I get from the reference book Cambridge Practice Test for IELTS 2, Test Four, Section 2. On the other hand, the auditory stimulus used was a three-minute recording of the same passage taken from the CD-ROM. A passage was used instead of simple words, number or image recall to mimic real-life situation in work place or in classroom where people were bound to lots of information which they have to remember. This passage consisting of 551 words was chosen as it was designed by an experienced author who written for IELTS reference book and IELTS is a recognised international English testing system. The passage was clear, concise and contained a lot of information and there were questions provided. Besides, the person who produces the tape script has high proficiency in English, thus there will be no complain about the clarity of the tape script. (1645 words) METHOD Random sample of 80 subjects were selected from the Advanced Level students in Intec Education College. The subjects were divided into two groups that carried out visual and auditory test respectively. For visual test, each subject was given three sheets of paper beforehand. (A passage, a memory test of ten questions and a Sudoku puzzle) For auditory test, each subject was given two sheets of paper beforehand. (A memory test of ten questions and a Sudoku puzzle) The subjects were instructed to read the passage and listen carefully to the recording played by a radio inside the classroom once only and try to memorize as much information as they can. Immediately after the presentation of stimuli, the subjects were asked to complete the Sudoku puzzle as a filler task in 3 minutes to reduce rehearsal. After that, the subjects were required to do the memory test without a time limit and hand in the answer sheet after they had done. The scores of each subject from each group were calculated and recorded in a table. A box-plot and a bar chart were drawn to represent the data. Z-test was used to compare the mean of visual and auditory memory test at 5% significant level. RISK ASSESSMENT All subjects personal details were kept anonymous for confidentiality purpose. They were instructed not to disclose any information regarding the quiz to anyone who had not taken the test. Besides, subjects were told that this experiment was not done on testing the individuals intelligence or memory power to avoid any unnecessary stress which could affect the subjects performance. The volume of the recording played over the radio was set at an acceptable volume so that everyone could hear clearly and did not cause any impairment on hearing. Otherwise, this was a low-risk procedure. (1942 words) RESULTS Number of people, f Memory test scores, X Visual, X1 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 2 5 4 6 8 7 11 8 10 9 5 10 0 Mean xÃÅ'„1 = 6.95 Table 4: Results for memory test of visual and auditory learning (2005 words) Graph 1: Box plot for memory quiz score of visual and auditory learning (2018 words) STATISTICAL ANALYSIS X1: Visual memory test Memory quiz scores, x Visual, f fx x2 fx2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 4 0 3 0 0 9 0 4 2 8 16 32 5 4 20 25 100 6 8 48 36 288 7 11 77 49 539 8 10 80 64 640 9 5 45 81 405 10 0 0 100 0 n = 40 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ fx = 278 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ fx2 = 2004 Table 5: Statistics for visual memory test Mean, xÃÅ'„1 = = = 6.95 Variance, à Ã†â€™Ã‚ ² = xÃÅ'„12 = 6.952 = 1.7975 Standard Deviation, à Ã†â€™1 = = = 1.34070877 (2138 words) X2: Auditory memory test Memory quiz scores, x Auditory, f fx x2 fx2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 6 4 12 3 5 15 9 45 4 8 32 16 128 5 10 50 25 250 6 7 42 36 252 7 4 28 49 196 8 2 16 64 128 9 0 0 81 0 10 0 0 100 0 n = 40 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ fx = 190 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ fx2 = 1012 Table 6: Statistics for auditory memory test Mean, xÃÅ'„2 = = = 4.75 Variance, à Ã†â€™Ã‚ ² = xÃÅ'„12 = 4.752 = 2.7375 Standard Deviation, à Ã†â€™2 = = = 1.65453921 (2258 words) Z-test is a statistical test extended from t-test. It follows a normal distribution where the data have the same mean, median and mode. It is used to handle large samples when n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 30 and standard deviation is given. In this experiment, there was one variable (type of stimulus), two samples (visual and auditory memory tests) and 40 observations for each sample. The data was unmatched as each subject sat for the test once only. The difference between variances in the two samples is small (0.94). Thus, a z-test was applied. [3] Number of samples, n Mean, xÃÅ'„ Standard Deviation, à Ã†â€™ Visual, xÃÅ'„1 40 6.95 1.34070877 Auditory, xÃÅ'„2 40 4.75 1.65453921 Table 7: Basic statistics for both memory test scores Hypothesis Test for Two Population Means H0: ÃŽÂ ¼1 = ÃŽÂ ¼2 (The mean scores in both visual and auditory memory test are equal) H1: ÃŽÂ ¼1 > ÃŽÂ ¼2 (The mean score in visual memory test is greater than that in auditory memory test) Given the null hypothesis and à Ã†â€™1 = 1.34070877, n1 = 40, à Ã†â€™2 = 1.65453921, n2 = 40 xÃÅ'„1 xÃÅ'„2 ~ N (0, + ) By Central Limit Theorem, the test statistics is: Z = Since under H0, ÃŽÂ ¼1 = ÃŽÂ ¼2 then in this case ÃŽÂ ¼ visual = ÃŽÂ ¼ auditory and thus Z = = 6.53615718 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  6.5362 (2483 words) According to the Table for Critical values for two-tailed z test, the critical value for a two-tailed test when p = 0.01 will be the critical values for p=0.05 for a one-tailed test. Thus, the critical value for Z is z = 1.647. From the result above, the value of z at 5% probability level is 6.5362 which are higher than the critical value of 1.6449. Therefore, the null hypothesis, H0 is rejected. There is sufficient evidence that the mean score in memory quiz for visual memory is greater than that for auditory memory. This agrees with the experimental hypothesis and matches with the two studies stated earlier which were done by Michael A. Cohen proving that auditory memory is inferior to visual memory, yielding better short-term memory recall. Since Z calculated is a lot higher than Z critical, there is much less than 5% chance that the results occurred by chance, and more than 95% chance that the mean for visual memory test is higher even if the experiment is repeated on the similar population. (2659 words) Graph 2: Bar chart for memory quiz score of visual and auditory learning (2672 words) DATA ANALYSIS Graph 2 shows that the score range of visual test is within 4 to 9 whereas the score range for auditory test is within 1 to 8. The modes for visual and auditory memory test are 5 and 7 respectively. It is a huge contrast as most of the subjects scored less than half of the total marks for auditory test while most of the subjects scored more than half of the total marks for visual test. Thus, it is obvious that subjects tend to forget the information more quickly when it is presented by oral compared to visual. There were anomalies in this investigation, especially in the auditory test group. One subject gets only one answer correct in the memory test and it had been reconfirmed that there was no marking error. This might be due to the particular subject was tired and lack of sleep the night before. This explanation was supported by the research of Polzella and Donald J. that stated sleep deprivation increases the occurrence of lapses, periods of lowered reactive capacity, which prevent the encoding of items in short-term memory. [12] Likewise, two of the subjects get eight questions right in the memory test. This might be due to both subjects are Grade 8 pianist who have a better listening ability and are good auditory learner that can remember the auditory information outstandingly. This was stated in Michael A. Cohens research that musicians have far better auditory recognition memory. [11] However, I found out that some subjects with high scores in the memory test did not even complete half of the Sudoku puzzle. This may be due to the fact that they kept recalling what they had read during the distraction test but not concentrating on the Sudoku puzzle. During the real test, they were just rehearsing the information they read a few minutes earlier. (2980 words) The superiority of visual memory can be explained according to the way the information is perceived and stored as memory. Auditory verbal information enters automatically into the phonological store whereas visually presented words are transformed into phonological code by silent articulation first and subsequently into the phonological store. Thus, the visual information stored twice as visual code rather than auditory code. [6] From the study by Buckner, we know that visual and auditory memory retrieval involves the activation of different brain region. The sensory-specific regions are activated most robustly during recall of visual memory whereas auditory memory represents a distinct subset of those activated during perception. The reason behind may be the capacity for visual memory is larger than auditory memory, thus complex visual memory can be converted into memory more rapidly and easily. [9] The properties of auditory and visual information are different. In terms of physics or psychophysics, auditory information is said to be less memorable than their visual counterparts. It could be that the remarkable ability to rapidly encode and remember meaningful stimuli is a feature of visual processing. [12] Eberman and McKelvie proposed that a person was more prone to form vivid images, particularly if the original source was visual than if it was auditory. [13] Visual stimuli are seen and heard through rehearsal maintenance in the brain while auditory stimuli are only heard, making it more difficult to perform. When the brain is processing a visual image, the cognitive functioning requires the discovery of a mental image, but when the cognitive functioning is the process of an auditory stimulus, the brain needs to hear the word and then create a mental image in order for a correct recall to take place. Thus, auditory learning seems slower compare to visual learning. [14] (3271 words) EVALUATION There might be variation in memory capacity between individuals, thus a large sample of eighty subjects was used in the experiment to ensure sufficient replicates were produced to support the conclusion. Besides, random choosing and grouping of subjects and consistency of gender will help improve the reliability of the results because there will be no bias in terms of subjects selected to participate in which test. The age of the subjects was kept constant (20) because capability to memorise varies with age. For example, older people were more prone to develop dementia and were less effective in memorising information, thus giving an unreliable result. Moreover, subjects must have the same level of education as people who weak in English and understanding might not be able to answer the questions properly, be it in visual or auditory form. Subjects must not have any problem related to their eyes (reading) and ears (listening) to ensure the experiment done smoothly. In addition, the period of the test conducted must be fixed as the effectiveness of learning varies throughout the day. Subjects might feel hungry at the noon and tired around the evening after whole day of academic session. Thus, the entire test was conducted in the morning as it is the golden period for the subjects to learn and memorising information effectively. Participant who were physically sick or mentally tired were excluded from this investigation as their condition might deteriorate their memory performance. In conclusion, the results can be considered to be valid and reliable as the whole experiment was conducted with minimal errors and a large sample size. (3537 words) LIMITATIONS AND MODIFICATIONS In this experiment, since the same subject cannot sit for both test due to same passage used, it has been assumed that the individual variations amongst the subjects do not affect the results of the study. However, different people might have different memorising power, thus one modification that could be made is by having the same subjects doing both visual and auditory memory test but on different passage which are closely similar in terms of length, information and standard of English. Although the subjects involved in this experiment are selected randomly, it is only representing the population in International Education College but not whole general college-aged students. Therefore, the experiment can be modified by having a larger sample size from other colleges to obtain a more conclusive, representative and reliable results. However, it was difficult for a person to memorise all the information in the long passage. They may miss out some points which will affect the outcomes of the investigation. Thus, the passage can be replaced by 30 phrases so that they know exactly what to remember. FURTHER INVESTIGATION Further research can be done by investigating the efficiency of visual and auditory learning method in varying age cohorts. Besides, other types of memory measures such as recognition of image and words can be carried out for further study. Lastly, a comparison between genders in terms of both types of memory can be conducted as the memorising power between males and females could be different. (3780 words) SOURCE EVALUATION Source 1 is an e-book that written by psychology experts while source 2 and 3 are published books so the information in it should be facts. They are all credible sources as their content would have been reviewed by other experts prior to publication. Source 4 is a website from Indiana University while source 5 is a website supported by Bryn Mawr College and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, thus the information are reliable. Source 6 and 7 is from Wikipedia where most of the data and information obtained are cited and linked to many literatures and academic research. Sources 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 are scientific journals that written by experts from renowned universities. Their research papers consist of experiments similar to my scientific investigation topic. The results obtained are widely recognised and have been peer-reviewed by other scientists before being published, thus they are trustable. CONCLUSION It is clear that visual learning is more effective than auditory learning on short-term memory. It is proven by the mean score in visual test which is 6.95, which is greater than the auditory test which is 4.75. The z-value, 6.5362 is higher than the critical value at 5% significance level. Experimental hypothesis is accepted. (4984 words) APPENDIX TEXT PASSAGE Great. Well, hi, everyone! My names Jody and Im one of the four recreation officers here at Rainforest Lodge. My job is to make sure that you all have a great stay here with us and go away feeling relaxed and refreshed. As you can see, were literally in the middle of nowhere at the Lodge. There are no newspapers or TVs and theres only one phone and thats in the office. The Lodge is a complete get away from it all experience: a place to unwind and appreciate the world without a lot of interruptions and distractions. From your cabin balcony youll find that you cant see anyone else and the only noise you should hear is the birds. When the luggage comes, one of the guys will take it across to your cabin for you and make sure you know the way back here to the main centre for dinner in the restaurant. Dinner will be served in about an hour or so. All the times of each days activities are printed on the blue sheet you should have got in the information guides that were handed out on the coach. Each Explorer trip has a different focus, so it doesnt matter how many you do or on what day, because theres always something new to discover in the rainforest. Tomorrow I think weve still got places on the Orchid and Fungi Tour. This is on foot and takes you to different parts of the rainforest. Or, if youd prefer, theres the Four- Wheel-Drive tour to the waterfalls, or the fishing trip where I promise you well catch some lunch, and last but not least, the famous Crocodile Cruise that leaves at 11 am each day. (Just in time for the crocodiles lunch!) Plenty to choose from here at Rainforest Lodge or just sit on your balcony relax and unwind and enjoy the views. In the evenings there is the Spotlight Tour, one of my favourites. The Spotlight Tour leaves at sundown and lets you catch a glimpse of some more of the rainforests wildlife as it comes out at dusk to feed. Thats a great trip and if you can, Id really try to make sure you do it during your stay. (4359 words) Youve chosen to visit the rainforest in March, which is just at the end of the wet season, so youll soon notice how well the waterfalls are running and also how damp the ground is. Things can tend to get a bit slippery, too, so if you didnt bring any walking boots Id advise you to hire some from the office. Youll also be much better off in long trousers rather than shorts because they will give your legs more protection and socks are a good idea too. Theres no need to be nervous of the rainforest provided that you treat it with respect and common sense. Most of the animals and wildlife are gentle and harmless. There are some venomous snakes to beware of, but really theyre much more frightened of you than you are of them. The other thing is that certain plants can cause irritation if you touch them with bare skin. Well, thats about all for the time being. The guys are here to take you and your luggage to the cabins . . . (4538 words) QUESTIONS At Rainforest Lodge there arent any telephones or TVs. newspapers or TVs. telephones or newspapers. The guests are told to carry their luggage to the cabin. go straight to the restaurant. wait an hour for dinner. TOUR NAME DETAILS Orchid and Fungi walking tour Four-Wheel-Drive tour to the 3)_____________ Fishing to catch lunch Crocodile Cruise departs at 4)_____________ daily 5)_____________ departs at sundown What THREE items of clothing does the speaker recommend for the rainforest? 6) ______________________________ 7) ______________________________ 8) ______________________________ Which TWO things in the rainforest does the speaker give a warning about? 9) ______________________________ 10) ______________________________ (4636 words) DISTRACTION TASK 8 2 8 7 6 4 3 1 9 5 8 4 9 6 1 8 1 3 5 4 7 2 7 4 7 6 4 3 5 6 CRITICAL VALUES FOR A TWO-TAILED Z TEST Probability value Z 0.10 1.647 0.05 1.960 0.01 2.576 0.02 2.326 0.002 3.10

Geothermal Energy Essays -- Science Energy Chemistry Essays

Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy is a superior source of energy because it is constantly being produced. Radioactive decay of nuclei with long half lives that were imbedded in the Earth’s interior during its genesis accounts for seventy percent of the globe’s internal energy. The remainder of this energy is derived from either the residual heat left over form the Earth’s formation, gravitational forces, or meteorite impacts. Geothermal energy is available anywhere on the planet. On average the Earth emits one sixteenth of a watt per meter squared, however this number can dramatically increase in regions near volcanoes, hot springs and fumaroles. Therefore, the uniqueness of each location around the world causes the Earth’s internal heat to be stored underground in many different natural structures. In some areas, the globe’s heat is stored in the rocks that form the Earth. There is a normal temperature increase, called the Normal Geothermal Gradient, of 30 degrees Celsius for every kilometer dug below the Earth’s surface. However, the precise amount of temperature increase that occurs as one’s depth increases is not a constant over the entire surface, it depends on the rock’s temperature. Therefore, in hotter sections of the planet there is Hot Dry Rock which produces an increase in temperature of forty degrees for every kilometer dug below the surface. In additi on, a reserve of geothermal heat even hotter than the solid rock type is molten magma, which is melted rock. Also, some regions of the planet house underground aquifers that use water to store large quantities of heat. Some areas contain vast hot water pools deep below the surface called Hot Water Reservoirs. In other places the conditions are r... ...ability it will surely be developed much more extensively in the near future. This source of energy will also be able to be used for a long time into the future because geothermal energy’s sources will continue to replace the energy used. In addition, it is estimated that the Earth can produce 600,000 exajoules of energy over five million years. This rate is believed to be enough energy to fulfill human energy requirements for the rest of the biosphere. Sources For my sources, I used the text book, Energy and the Environment and the following websites. †¢ http://www.eren.doe.gov/geothermal/ †¢ http://www.h2ssafety.com/hydrogen_sulfide.htm †¢ http://www.geothermie.de/egec_geothernet/menu/frameset.htm †¢ http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/geothermal/markets.htm †¢ http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/geothermal/ †¢ http://www.ees4.lanl.gov/hdr/